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Ophthalmology - Anatomy
 
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Healthy retina

Clinical appearance of the left retina of a Caucasian showing the region situated between the superior and inferior temporal arteries: the posterior pole or "area centralis". This 6 mm diameter circular zone has multiple layers of ganglion cells bodies. The human retina has 32 mm from ora to ora along the horizontal meridian and is approximately 1200 mm2. There are approximately 1.2 million of ganglion cells per retina. Note the papilla or "blind spot" situated 3 mm medial to the fovea centralis. This is an avascular zone with the highst visual resolution. The yellow colour of the macula lutea is due to xanthophyll pigment.

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Healthy optic nerve head

Normally sized and shaped optic nerve head (ONH). The average ONH has a slightly vertical and oval form and represents the anatomical structure where all axons of the retinal ganglion cells are joined together. Its surface is approx. 2.5 mm2 and the neuroretinal rim is to be recognized without difficulty. In small ONH (micropapilla), the neuroretinal rim fills the optic cup and may be confused with an edema of the ONH. In large ONH (macropapilla), the central optic cup appears enlarged and may be confused with a glaucomatous optic neuropathy. In this picture, the physiological course of the vessels over the neuroretinal rim of the ONH can be well observed.

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Department of Ophthalmology of the University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
Edited by A. Bergua MD
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